Address family independence (2) OS kernel support and applications support are usually separate Need to ship a single binary that works on IPv6-enabled and IPv6-disabled kernel IPv4 kernel + IPv4 userland IPv4 kernel + IPv4/v6 dual stack userland IPv4/v6 kernel + IPv4/v6 dual stack userland "IPv6 code is present but not configured" case -> "IPv6 support" is equal to "address family independent" Application can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 without problem Remove any code that assumes AF_INET