IPv6 in real life network IPv6-capable node needs to be able to talk with IPv4-only node Need to click www.yahoo.com... IPv4/v6 dual stack Ethernet protocol type is different - they can coexist IPv4/v6 dual stack node can speak with IPv4-only node You can even use NAT for IPv4 communication NAT network for IPv4, global network access for IPv6 Translator (for IPv6 only nodes) Appilication layer: web proxy, fwtk, sendmail TCP layer: socks, fwtk IP layer: header translation Has same problem with NAT (not end-to-end, single point of failure)